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AIX for PS/2 X Windows User's Guide
AIX Operating System
IBM AIX X-Windows
User's Guide
Chapter 2. AIX X-Windows Commands
2.0 Chapter 2. AIX X-Windows Commands
Subtopics
2.1 CONTENTS
2.2 About This Chapter
2.3 General Information
2.4 Syntax Diagrams
2.5 aixterm
2.6 aixwm
2.7 keycomp
2.8 X
2.9 xclock
2.10 xhost
2.11 xinit
2.12 xopen
2.1 CONTENTS
2.6.1 Menu Modes
The window manager has two modes of operation:
Normal
Hidden.
For more information about the hidden mode, see "Button/Key
Selection" in topic 2.6.2.
The default mode is normal. The default pop-up button
is the right button. The default selection key is the Alt key.
In the normal mode, the command menu is always visible.
The menu window's home position is the upper-right corner of the screen.
To perform an action, click any mouse button in the appropriate menu box
and click the same button in the window you wish to select.
To activate hidden mode, use the -H
option. In the hidden mode, the menu's home position is hidden until
it is popped up. The command menu pops up when the pop-up button
is pressed. At least one button must be defined to cause the command
menu to pop up. Whenever the pop-up button is clicked while the appropriate
combination of Ctrl, Alt, and Shift keys are pressed, or any time a button
is clicked in the background, the menu appears beneath the cursor.
You can then use the menu as defined for the pop-up button.
2.6.2 Selection Methods
Selection within the menu can be done with one of the following
methods:
Move the mouse cursor to the window manager menu and select
a menu item with any button.
Press pop-up button to view window manager menu and then
release button at a menu item.
Pressing button and key combinations for automatic selection.
This mechanism, which is
represented in the window manager command
menu, allows a key in combination with a
mouse button to automatically select
a menu item and immediately apply the function to a
window. Automatic selection is applied
to the window containing the mouse cursor. For an
example of the window manager command
menu, refer to "Window Manager Command
Menu" in topic 2.6.3.
Pop-up Button Selection: Pressing
the pop-up button (by default with Alt down) moves the command menu with
the previously selected item or the central one beneath the mouse cursor.
The menu remains at that location until an item is selected or until the
mouse cursor is moved out of the menu. By default,
the pop-up button is the right button, but it can be defined to
be any button.
When a command is selected:
The menu item remains selected until the command is completed.
The menu is returned to its previous state and location
if aixwm is in normal mode. If the
menu is in hidden mode, the menu is
removed from the display.
NOTE: If the mouse cursor
is moved out of the menu, nothing is selected. This is useful if
you decide not to select an item once the menu is activated.
Button/Key Selection: aixwm
reserves certain button/key combinations and interprets them as operations
on existing windows. Button/key selection can be used in place of
the default mouse button and menu selection method to automatically select
and run an operation.
The key combination can be specified in the command line
with some subset of the options:
a signifying left Alt (Alt)
(default)
c signifying Ctrl
g signifying right Alt (Alt
Graphic)
l signifying Lockshift
m signifying left Alt (Meta)
s signifying Shift
n signifying none.
For example, if you specify the options -ca,
the Ctrl and Alt keys must be down at the time a mouse button is pressed.
The option -n means that no
keys need to be held down. The option -n
is not recommended because it means that application programs never receive
unshifted mouse clicks.
2.6.3 Window Manager Command
Menu
The window manager displays a menu of commands that you
can use to manipulate windows on the display. By default, the menu
is displayed vertically in the upper-right corner of the display.
On your screen, the window manager command menu looks similar
to the following:
PICTURE 12
Use the menu by selecting an item within the menu, and
then applying the command to a window. Once you select a menu item,
aixwm controls the mouse until the command is completed or canceled.
You can deselect an item on the menu by clicking a different button than
the one used to select the item.
For example, to hide a window, you can use the following
steps:
1. Use mouse cursor to select Hide/Show in the menu. Hide/Show
is highlighted in the menu.
2. Move the mouse cursor to the window to be hidden and press
the same button.
The window is hidden. An icon window is displayed
and Hide/Show is unhighlighted.
The commands in the window manager command menu provide
the following functions:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
¦ Move
¦ Moves a window. When you select a window, you can
¦
¦
¦ use the mouse to move an outline of the window.
¦
¦
¦ When you release the button, the window is moved.
¦
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Lower
¦ Pushes the window you select to the bottom of any
¦
¦
¦ stack of overlapping windows.
¦
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Resize
¦ Resizes a window. When you apply the mouse cursor
¦
¦
¦ to a window, an outline of the window is displayed. ¦
¦
¦ Moving the mouse cursor changes the size of the
¦
¦
¦ outline, leaving the opposite corner fixed. The
¦
¦
¦ corner that moves depends on the location of the
¦
¦
¦ mouse cursor when the button is pressed.
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦ The window is divided into a logical grid of four
¦
¦
¦ rectangles. If the mouse cursor is in one of the
¦
¦
¦ four corner rectangles, the corner closest to the
¦
¦
¦ mouse cursor is moved. When the button is released,¦
¦
¦ the window is resized.
¦
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Focus
¦ Attaches the keyboard to a window. Keyboard input
¦
¦
¦ goes to that window even when the mouse cursor is
¦
¦
¦ outside the window. It also raises the focused
¦
¦
¦ window. Focusing the background detaches the
¦
¦
¦ keyboard from any window by attaching it to the
¦
¦
¦ background window. When no window is focused, the
¦
¦
¦ keyboard input goes to the window that contains the ¦
¦
¦ mouse cursor. The focused window is highlighted by
¦
¦
¦ a partial frame.
¦
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Hide/Show
¦ Makes a window into an icon or an icon into a
¦
¦
¦ window. When applied to an icon, Hide/Show makes
¦
¦
¦ the original window reappear at its former position |
¦
¦ on the screen.
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦ If a window has not provided an icon, the window
¦
¦
¦ manager creates its own icon and places the name of ¦
¦
¦ the window or icon in it. In this case, the mouse
¦
¦
¦ movement and editing functions discussed in this
¦
¦
¦ section are valid.
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦ If the mouse is moved more than a threshold amount
¦
¦
¦ or if this is the first time the window is being
¦
¦
¦ hidden, the icon appears at the location on the
¦
¦
¦ screen where the button is released. Otherwise, the ¦
¦
¦ icon reappears at its previous location.
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦ The threshold amount can be changed with the -% num ¦
¦
¦ flag. Giving a negative value disables this effect. ¦
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦ The icon name can be edited. Pressing the Delete or ¦
¦
¦ the Backspace key deletes the last character of the ¦
¦
¦ icon name, pressing Ctrl-U deletes the entire name, ¦
¦
¦ pressing the Enter key detaches the keyboard from
¦
¦
¦ the icon window, and pressing other character keys
¦
¦
¦ appends the characters to the current name.
¦
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Cancel
¦ Causes the X Server to disconnect from the selected ¦
¦
¦ window. The window is taken away. Applications
¦
¦
¦ usually terminate when disconnected from the X
¦
¦
¦ Server.
¦
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Raise
¦ Raises a client window to the top of the window
¦
¦
¦ stack after it is manipulated (that is, moved or
¦
¦
¦ resized).
¦
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Print
¦ Prints the contents of a window on the printer. The ¦
¦
¦ printer device name is obtained from the environment ¦
¦
¦ variable XPRINTDEV (for example, XPRINTDEV="-device ¦
¦
¦ 3812"). Printer devices are supported as shown
¦
¦
¦ below:
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦ 3812 IBM 3812 Pageprinter
¦
¦
¦ 5201 IBM 5201 Quietwriter Model 2
¦
¦
¦ 5202 IBM 5202 Quietwriter III.
¦
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Circulate
¦ Causes the lowest window in the stack of overlapping ¦
¦
¦ windows to be raised. Successive applications
¦
¦
¦ reveal each window in turn.
¦
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Refresh
¦ Clears the display and forces each application to
¦
¦
¦ redraw its contents.
¦
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Set
¦ See "Set" in topic 2.6.4.
¦
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Tools
¦ See "Tools" in topic 2.6.5.
¦
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Both Set and Tools display a submenu below or above the
mouse cursor location, depending on the space available. The submenu
remains visible until a selection is made or until the mouse cursor is
moved out of the submenu.
2.6.4 Set
Selecting Set from the window manager command menu displays
a submenu through which you can set various display options. Some
of the options are toggle buttons that can be set either on or off.
If an option is marked with a + (plus sign),
the option is set to on.
The following table lists the options on the Set
menu:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
¦ Autorepeat
¦ Enables or disables key repeat while a key is ¦
¦
¦ pressed.
¦
+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Hide Menu
¦ Causes aixwm to hide the command menu until ¦
¦
¦ it is activated. Once a command is complete, ¦
¦
¦ the command menu is hidden again.
¦
+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Horizontal Menu
¦ Enables or disables the horizontal display of ¦
¦
¦ menu items.
¦
+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Reverse Video
¦ Reverses foreground and background colors in ¦
¦
¦ the window manager menu.
¦ +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Raise After Action
¦ Raises the window to the top of the window ¦
¦
¦ stack after it is manipulated, for example, ¦
¦
¦ moved or resized.
¦
+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Window Title Bar
¦ Enables or disables the title bar for client ¦
¦
¦ windows on startup. The aixwm window manager ¦
¦
¦ automatically highlights the title bar when ¦
¦
¦ the mouse cursor enters the window and
¦
¦
¦ unhighlights it when the mouse cursor exits ¦
¦
¦ the window. If the window is the Focus
¦
¦
¦ window, the window is highlighted regardless ¦
¦
¦ of the location of the mouse cursor.
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦
¦ By clicking any mouse button on the title
¦
¦
¦ bar, a client window is changed into an icon ¦
¦
¦ window. Then, by clicking any mouse button ¦
¦
¦ on the icon window, the icon window changes ¦
¦
¦ to the client window. The client window
¦
¦
¦ reappears at its former position on the
¦ ¦
¦ screen.
¦ ¦
¦
¦
¦
¦ By default, if a window does not have a
¦
¦
¦ window name, the title bar is not displayed. ¦
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Assign Button
¦ Displays a copy of the command menu and
¦
¦
¦ enables the association of a mouse button
¦
¦
¦ with a menu item. Clicking a button while ¦
¦ the mouse cursor is on a menu item associates ¦
¦
¦ the button with the item.
¦
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Click
¦ Sets the keyboard click to either off (0) or ¦
¦
¦ to a volume level from 1 through 100. A menu ¦
¦
¦ with the current volume is displayed.
¦
¦
¦ Pressing the right button increases the value ¦
¦
¦ and pressing the left button decreases the ¦
¦
¦ value. Pressing both buttons sets the
¦
¦
¦ volume. -1 restores the default.(RT
only) ¦
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Foreground Color
¦ Displays a menu of available colors from
¦
¦
¦ which you can select a foreground color.
¦
¦
¦ (RT only)
¦
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Background Color
¦ Displays menu of available colors from which ¦
¦
¦ you can select a background color. (RT
only) ¦
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Bell
¦ Sets the bell to either off (0) or to a
¦
¦
¦ volume level from 1 through 100. A menu with ¦
¦
¦ the current volume is displayed. Pressing
¦
¦
¦ the right button increases the value and
¦
¦
¦ pressing the left button decreases the value. ¦
¦
¦ Pressing both buttons sets the volume. -1
¦
¦
¦ restores the default. (RT only)
¦
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Mouse
¦ Sets the acceleration and threshold for the ¦
¦
¦ mouse. A menu for each value is displayed in ¦
¦
¦ sequence. Pressing the right button
¦
¦
¦ increases the value and pressing the left
¦
¦
¦ button decreases the value. Pressing both
¦
¦
¦ buttons sets the value. -1 restores the
¦
¦
¦ default.
¦
+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------¦
¦ Screen
¦ Sets the length of time in minutes before the ¦
¦
¦ server clears the screen. A menu with the
¦
¦
¦ default value is displayed. Pressing the
¦
¦
¦ right button increases the value and pressing ¦
¦
¦ the left button decreases the value.
¦
¦
¦ Pressing both buttons sets the time. -1
¦
¦
¦ restores the default.
¦
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2.6.5 Tools
Selecting Tools displays a menu of application program
names that can be invoked within aixwm. Using this menu, you
can select and start programs within X-Windows. The Tools menu supports
the invocation of three classes of programs:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
¦ X-Windows
¦ Application programs written directly to the X
¦
¦ applications
¦ library and invoked by their command names.
¦
+------------------+----------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Emulation
¦ Character application programs that are supported ¦
¦ applications
¦ by the aixterm HFT emulation function; invoked
¦
¦
¦ with the "aixterm -e app"
command.
¦
+------------------+----------------------------------------------------¦
¦ Full-screen
¦ Programs that write directly to the display
¦
¦ applications
¦ adapter card and run in monitor mode; invoked with ¦
¦
¦ the "xopen app" command.
¦
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
2.6.6 The Tools Menu Controller
The file /usr/lpp/X11/defaults/X.txt
controls what is displayed in the command menu. The format of a line
in this file is:
function_context__function_name_description
aixwm uses
the function_context field
to invoke a function or open another pop-up text file and uses the
function_name
field to build the command menu. The description is a comment field.
You can modify X.txt
by editing its contents with a text editor or, on the RT, by using the
Menu Update command. This command
is similar to the Tools Update menu
in Usability Services. To use
Menu Update, Usability Services must be installed on the system.
For more information about Usability Services, see Usability Services Reference.
A file named Xtools.txt
for the Tools pop-up is added within X.txt.
The default Xtools.txt contains the AIX shell and the analog and digital
clock applications.
2.6.7 The Tools Menu File
The file Xtools.txt
contains information on application programs accessible through the Tools
window. The format of a line in this file is:
____exec_program_command_name_description
aixwm uses the exec_program
field to invoke the application program. The exec_program
field allows a command string to be supplied rather than just a command
name. This allows the customization of commands. The command_name
field is used to build the Tools pop-up. The description is a comment
field.
For example, the command:
aixterm -geometry
80x24 -fn Rom14.500 -em78
specifies that the EM78 program be invoked in a new window
with the Rom14.500 font. This must be done to support invocation
of full-screen applications.
2.6.8 .Xdefaults Keywords
Default keywords used to customize aixwm
.(Example default file /usr/lpp/X11/defaults)
bodyFont
Specifies any fixed-width body font used for the aixwm menu.
frameWidth
Specifies the width of the border in pixels when you choose to focus on
a window. One way to focus on a window is to choose Focus
from the window manager menu. When you focus on a window, all keyboard
input goes to that window regardless of the location of the mouse cursor.
geometry
Specifies the location of the window manager. For more information
about geometry, see "Geometry Specification" in topic 2.3.2.
hide
If true, it enables hide mode.
iconFont
Specifies the font used in the icon window.
iconifyDelta
Controls where the icon window is to be placed when using the Hide option
from the window manager menu. If this is the first time that the
window has been hidden, or if the mouse is moved more than a threshold
amount, the icon window is displayed at the location on the screen where
the button is released. Otherwise, the icon window reappears at its
previous location. A negative value disables this effect.
Note:
For more information about the mouse threshold, see -t flag on page 2.8.
keyCombination
Specifies the selection key to be used by the window manager.
leftButton
Specifies an association between the left button and a function. For more
information, see "Button/Key Selection" in topic 2.6.2.
menuFormat
If h is indicated, it displays the menu horizontally.
middleButton
Specifies an association between both buttons and a function. For more
information, see "Button/Key Selection" in topic 2.6.2.
raised
Raises a client window to the top of the window stack after it is manipulated
(that is, moved or resized).
queueName
Specifies the printer queue to use when a request is issued to print the
screen.
reverseVideo
If true, it reverses the foreground and background color.
rightButton
Specifies an association between the right button and a function. For more
information, see "Button/Key Selection" in topic 2.6.2.
sizeFont
Specifies any fixed-width font as the default font used when displaying
the new geometry while resizing a window.
titleBar
Disables the title bar for client windows at startup.
titleFont
Specifies the title font to use in the title bar of the client windows.
For more information about these keywords, see "Changing
X-Windows Defaults" in topic 3.3.
2.7 keycomp
Purpose Reads a textual description of the
keyboard and produces a binary keymap file.
Syntax
PICTURE 13
Description
The keycomp command
reads a textual description of the keyboard and produces a binary keymap
file. The keymap file is used to translate keystrokes into character
strings. For more information on the keymap file, see "Keyboard Specification"
in topic 2.3.3.
The keycomp command supports the full range of HFT keyboard
mapping, including the Alt Graphic shift state, on non-U.S. keyboards only.
You can use keycomp to define diacritical keys (dead keys).
The code-point combinations that produce the actual diacritical characters
are predefined and cannot be changed using keycomp. The pre-defined
combinations are listed in the data stream section of the AIX Operating
System Technical Reference.
Seven different states are supported in the base keymap
files. Additional states are either mapped to single states or defined
as UNBOUND (return nothing) for the keymap
files.
2.7.1 Keycomp Source File
The input file to keycomp consists of one or more lines,
each beginning with an octal, decimal, or hexadecimal number designating
an X-Windows keysym value. (A keysym is a symbol that has been engraved
on a keyboard key.) Items follow the keysym, each representing the
binding for a particular combination of the Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Lock, and
Alt Graphic keys. Items on the line are separated by a space.
If only one item is present on a line, it represents the
binding for this keysym regardless of the position of the shift keys.
The first 16 states are required in the source file. If more than
16, but fewer than 32 states are provided, the last state is extended to
all the missing states up to state 32.
The bindings of items are made in the order defined below:
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
¦ Table 2-1. Keycomp
¦
+------------------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #1 ¦ Base state; no Ctrl,
Alt, Shift, Lock, or Alt Graphic ¦
¦ ¦ down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #2 ¦ Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #3 ¦ Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #4 ¦ Lock and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #5 ¦ Ctrl down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #6 ¦ Ctrl and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #7 ¦ Ctrl and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #8 ¦ Ctrl, Lock, and Shift
down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #9 ¦ Alt down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #10 ¦ Alt and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #11 ¦ Alt and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #12 ¦ Alt, Lock, and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #13 ¦ Alt and Ctrl down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #14 ¦ Alt, Ctrl, and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #15 ¦ Alt, Ctrl, and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #16 ¦ Alt, Ctrl, Lock, and Shift
down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #17 ¦ Alt Graphic down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #18 ¦ Alt Graphic and Shift
down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #19 ¦ Alt Graphic and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #20 ¦ Alt Graphic, Lock, and
Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #21 ¦ Alt Graphic and Ctrl down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #22 ¦ Alt Graphic, Ctrl, and
Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #23 ¦ Alt Graphic, Ctrl, and
Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #24 ¦ Alt Graphic, Ctrl, Lock,
and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #25 ¦ Alt Graphic and Alt down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #26 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, and
Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #27 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, and
Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #28 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, Lock,
and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #29 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, and
Ctrl down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #30 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, Ctrl,
and Shift down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #31 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, Ctrl,
and Lock down
¦
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------¦
¦ #32 ¦ Alt Graphic, Alt, Ctrl,
Lock, and Shift down
¦
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
2.7.2 Keycomp Source File
Items
Each item should be one of the following:
An octal, decimal or hexadecimal number, indicating
a keysym.
A C character literal surrounded by single quotes.
Escape sequences
(such as \252)
are allowed.
A C string literal surrounded by double quotes.
Standard C escape
sequences are allowed within the string.
The letter U, indicating no binding. If there
is no binding,
XLookupMapping
returns an empty string for this key combination.
The string format "Dnn."
to define a key position as a diacritical
key. There are 15 pre-defined
diacritical keys. XLookupMapping
combines a specified diacritical
key with the following key pressed
to determine the actual code point
to be returned. The code point
returned is based on the pre-defined
diacritical lookup table.
Strings "D01"
through "D15" are not allowed for keycomp.
A comma can, but does not need to, follow each item.
A space or tab must separate the items, regardless of whether a comma follows
each item. A \ (backslash) after an item indicates that the item
list is continued on the next line. The \ should not be enclosed
in single or double quotes.
Blank lines are ignored, as are lines beginning with a
# character (except control statements). All text between # and the
following line, including \, is ignored unless # is part of a string enclosed
in single or double quotes. This allows you to place comments at
the end of a line that contains only a single item.
The keycomp command can identify function key strings and
compress these within the keymap file. The set of function key strings
is defined in the keyboard section of AIX Operating System Technical Reference.
The source must specify the exact string to be returned.
See the files /usr/include/X11/AIXkeymap.h
and /usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h
for a list of keysyms and key names of function keys.
2.7.3 Keycomp Source File
Control Statements
The following control statements are recognized by keycomp:
1. #S Control Statement
Lines starting with #S in the first
column define which states are
defined within the keycomp table.
This statement allows the states
not being used to be compressed
out of the keymap file. If this line
is not specified, it is assumed
that all states are built into the
table. All states must be
coded in the source file.
The states not included in #S are
UNBOUND and return nothing unless
remapped to another state (see
the #M control statement).
The keycomp object file provides
a state_mapping_table to map
keyboard-state flags to indexes
in the table. The state_mapping_table
maps the state detail of a KeyPressed
event from an X Server to an
index within the keymap table.
Following #S is a series of numbers
representing the states defined in
Table 2-1 in topic 2.7.1.
The states provided are built into the
table in the order in which they
are defined.
For example, the Alt key is normally
mapped to index 9 in the keymap
file. With the following
definition:
#S 1 2 3 5 9 17
the Alt key is mapped to index
5 because state #9 is the fifth state
in the #S statement.
2. #M Control Statement
Lines starting with #M in the first
column define mapping of states to
an index within the keymap table.
This statement allows specification
of a state hierarchy as defined
for the RT and allows mapping of
multiple states to a single state.
For example, the #M statement
enables Ctrl-Shift keys to be
mapped to Ctrl keys.
The format of a #M line is:
#M STATE s1 s2 ...
sn
where states s1, s2, ... sn are
mapped to state STATE. STATE is a
base state depending on the #S
specifications.
The #M line must follow all #S
lines. Multiple #M lines can be
specified but must be specified
after the #S statement.
For example, the following line:
#M 9 10 12
maps the Alt-Shift and Alt-Lock-Shift
states to Alt.
To be compatible with Keyboard Description and Character
Reference,
keyboard files supplied with X-Windows contain the following
control
statements:
#S 1 2 3 4 5 9 17
#M 5 6 7 8 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 29 30 31
32
#M 9 10 11 12 25 26 27 28
#M 17 18 19 20
Flags
<infile
Specifies a source file to be compiled by keycomp.
>outfile
Specifies the name of the keymap file to be
created.
Files
/usr/include/X11/AIXkeymap.h
/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h
2.8 X
Purpose Starts the X Server.
Syntax
PICTURE 14
Description
The X Server is a display server that runs on computers
with bitmapped terminals. (The X Server command does not run on the
S/370 system.) The X Server distributes user input to and accepts
output requests from programs located either on the host system or on systems
connected to it through a network.
Unless you specify otherwise, only programs running on
the host system can interact with the display. To allow another system
to use your display, you must define that system to a specific X Server
with the xhost command. For more information on the xhost command, see
"xhost" in topic 2.10.
After the X Server is initialized, it sends unix:? AIX
X-Windows to standard output, where ? is the display number. This
string is used by the xinit command to set the default DISPLAY environment
variable.
The X Server and all windows opened from it can be terminated
by pressing Ctrl-Alt-Backspace. Remote windows usually display an
error message concerning a broken connection before they terminate.
The X Server logs messages in the file /tmp/.X11-unix/X?,
where ? is the display number.
X Flags
The following flags have default values supplied with
the program:
-a num
Specifies the acceleration. The default
is 4. The acceleration is a multiplier for mouse movement.
For example, specifying 4 causes the cursor to move four times as
fast as the mouse. The specified value must be a positive value greater
than zero.
-bp color
Specifies a Blackpixel color for the display.
Generally, the Blackpixel value corresponds to the background color.
The default depends on the display.
-c num
Specifies key click volume (RT
Only!). The default is -1 or medium. Values supported
are:
0
off
1 - 33 low
-1 or 34 - 66 medium
67 - 100 high
-D file
Full path name of the color definition database
file The default is /usr/lpp/X11/rgb/rgb.
Refer to "dbm" in the IBM
RT AIX Operating System Technical Reference.
-f num
Specifies the beep volume (RT
Only!). The default is -1 or medium. The supported
values are the same as those supported for the -c num flag.
-fc font
Specifies the cursor font for cursor glyphs and
cursor masks. The default depends on the operating system and the
display.
-fn font Specifies the text font
used as the default text font. The
default depends on the operating system and the display.
-fp font Specifies the path for
fonts. The default depends on the
operating system and the display.
-m
Specifies the use of monochrome display characteristics.
(This option is supported on the RT only.)
-n :num Specifies the connection
number. Valid values for num are 0
to 255. The default is the next available number. num is
used by programs to communicate with a specific X Server.
For example, the command:
X -n :18
specifies that communication to the activated X Server takes
place by unix:18 or by hostname:18.
-p num Specifies the
screen saver interval. This flag is used with
the -s (screen saver timeout) flag to control the blanking of
the screen.
-r
Disables auto repeat. The default is auto repeat enabled.
-s num Specifies the
number of minutes to wait until making the
display blank. The default is 10 minutes. A specified value
must be a number greater than zero.
-t num
Specifies the mouse threshold.
The default is 2 pixels. Acceleration takes effect only if the mouse is
moved more than the mouse threshold in one time interval and only applies
to the amount beyond the threshold.
-to num
Specifies the number of minutes to elapse
between connection checks. The default is 60 minutes. A specified
value must be a positive number greater than zero.
-T
Disables the
Ctrl-Alt-Backspace key sequence
that, by default, terminates the X Server and all windows opened from it.
-v
Replaces the
display with the current background color, after the amount of time specified
by the -s flag. By default,
if the -v flag is not specified,
the entire display is painted with the background tile after the amount
of time specified by -s.
On color displays, random foreground and background colors are also used.
-wp color
Specifies a Whitepixel color for the display. Generally,
the Whitepixel color corresponds to the foreground color. The default
depends on the display.
2.9 xclock
Purpose Continuously displays the current time of day.
Syntax
PICTURE 15
Description
The xclock command gets the time from the system clock.
This time is displayed and updated by X-Windows in the form of either a
digital or an analog clock.
xclock Flags
-analog
Sets analog display mode. Draws a conventional
12-hour clock face with ticks for each minute and
stroke marks on each hour. The default is digital
mode.
-b num
Specifies the width in pixels of padding white
space between the window border and anything
xclock displays. The default is 10 in digital
mode and 2 in analog mode.
-bd color
Specifies the border color on color displays. The
default is black.
-bg color
Specifies the color of the background on color
displays. The default is white.
-bw num
Specifies the width in pixels of the border. The
default is 1.
-chime
Specifies the sounding of a chime every 60 minutes
on the hour. The default is off or zero.
-digital
Sets digital display mode. Displays date and time
in digital form.
-display name:number Identifies the host
name and display number where
the clock is to run. Normally the host name and
display number are found in the environment
variable DISPLAY. Refer to "Display
Specification" in topic 2.3.5.
-fg color
Determines the color of the text and tick marks on
color displays. The default is black.
-fn font
Specifies a font for use instead of the default
font. Any fixed-width font can be used. The
default is Rom14.500.
-geometry geometry Specifies
the location and dimensions of the
window. The default setting is -0-0. For more
information, refer to "Geometry Specification" in
topic 2.3.2.
-hd color
Specifies the color of the hands in analog mode on
color displays. The default is black.
-hl color
Specifies the highlight color. For example, the
outline of the hands of the analog clock can be
highlighted with this color. The default is
black.
-rv
Reverses foreground and background colors.
-update sec
Specifies the frequency in seconds with which
xclock updates its display. If the xclock window
is obscured and then exposed, xclock overrides
this and redisplays immediately. The default
update frequency is 60 seconds. The specification
of an update frequency greater than 30 seconds
disables the display of the second hand in analog
mode.
2.9.1 .Xdefaults Keywords
Keywords used with the xclock command. (Example default
file /usr/lpp/X11/defaults)
background
Specifies the color of the background on color
displays.
bodyFont
Specifies a font to use instead of default
font.
border
Determines the color of the highlighted border
on color displays.
borderWidth
Specifies the width of the window border in
pixels.
foreground
Determines the color of the text and tick marks
on color displays.
geometry
Specifies the location or dimensions of the window.
For more information about geometry, see
"Geometry Specification" in topic 2.3.2.
hands
Determines the color of the hands in the analog
clock on color displays.
highlight
Determines the color of the outline of the hands
in the analog clock on color displays.
internalBorder
For the xclock command in analog mode, specifies an inner
border (the distance between
characters and the window's border) in pixels.
mode
Specifies whether the xclock command starts a digital
or analog clock by default.
reverseVideo
Reverses the foreground and background color.
update
Specifies the frequency in seconds with which xclock updates
its display.
For more information on these keywords, see "Changing X-Windows
Defaults" in topic 3.3.
2.10 xhost
Purpose Controls who can have access to X-Windows
on the current host machine.
Syntax
PICTURE 16
Description
The xhost command adds and
deletes hosts on the list of machines from which the X Server accepts connections.
Note that you must switch to the X Server window and then back to the original
window if running X Server and xhost on the same terminal. The xhost
command will not work unless a client is using the server (examples of
clients are aixterm, xclock, and aixwm).
This command must be executed on the machine to which the
display is connected. You can remove a host from the access list
by using the -host option. Do
not remove the current host from the access list. If you do, you must log
off the system before making any corrections.
Entering xhost with no arguments shows the names of the
hosts allowed to access your X Server.
To enable a remote host by default, the host can be defined
in the file /etc/X?.hosts (? is the
display number to which you enable access).
For example, the display norma:0
can be accessed by systems defined in the file /etc/X0.hosts
on a system that uses the default host name of norma. In both the display
name and the file name, 0 indicates the number of the display that the
defined remote systems are allowed to access through X-Windows.
xhost Flags
+host
Specifies a host node ID number and adds the host to the
X-Windows access list. (Same as the host option; the + is optional.)
-host
Specifies a host node ID number and deletes a host from
the X-Windows access list.
2.11 xinit
Purpose Starts an X Server with a single command.
Syntax
PICTURE 17
Description
The xinit command is a shell script that can be customized
to include any commands you need and to open as many windows as you need.
The xinit command starts the X Server, an aixterm window, and an aixwm
window manager. This command can be entered from the AIX command
line or as a user's login command specified in the /etc/passwd file.
If xinit is used as a login command in /etc/passwd, the user is automatically
logged into X-Windows.
xinit performs the following operations:
Executes the user's profile, depending on the -L option
Starts an X Server, except on the S/370 system, on
the default display
Sets up the DISPLAY environment variable
Sets up the XPROTO environment variable to be X11
Starts the aixwm command
Starts the aixterm command.
xinit uses the SHELL
environment variable to start the command within aixterm.
If xinit is the login program
invoked or if xinit is invoked from /dev/console,
a new virtual terminal is opened and an X Server is started on the new
virtual terminal. Terminating the initial terminal window automatically
terminates the X Server.
xinit Flags
-L
Specifies that xinit
be used as the login program and that the user profile in ($HOME/.profile)
be read and executed. Otherwise the profile is assumed to be set
up.
-X_options
Specifies any valid X options that do not conflict with
aixterm_options.
aixterm_options Specifies
any one of the three valid aixterm options:
-geometry
-e
-n
These options are passed to the aixterm command, which opens the initial
window. These options allow the customization of the location, size,
and contents of the initial window.
The default for -geometry is 80x12+0-0.
You use the -e option to execute
an initial command within the login window. For example, the following
line in /etc/passwd starts X-Windows
with &dosnames. as the login
shell:
/usr/bin/xinit -L -e /bin/dos
-X10
Specifies that the IBM RT X-Windows Version 1.1 X Server
should be invoked. This must be the first option passed to xinit.
(IBM RT X-Windows Version 1.1 must be installed for this option to work.
This option is supported on the RT only.)
2.12 xopen
Purpose Opens a full-screen window (virtual terminal)
and monitors it.
Syntax
PICTURE 18
The xopen command monitors the full-screen
window as follows:
A virtual terminal is opened for the full-screen application.
An icon window is created in the X-Windows display
for the full-screen
application.
Moving the cursor to the icon window and clicking
any button on the
mouse activates the full-screen
application's virtual terminal.
When the full-screen application ends, the icon window
is removed from
the X-Windows display.
Note: xopen does
not work on a remote system.
xopen Flags
-cmd
Specifies a command to be executed within the full screen
window. Any number of valid command arguments can also be entered.
-display name:number
Identifies the host name and display number where xopen
is to run.
-geometry geometry
Specifies the location of the icon window. The default
location is that of the locator cursor. Values for width and height are
not used if they are not specified.
-ib file
Specifies the name of an icon bitmap file to be used instead
of the default icon bitmap file. This file, assumed to be in bitmap format,
is read and the resulting bitmap file is used as the icon bitmap file.
See /usr/include/X11/bitmaps for
a sample bitmap file.
-m
Turns off monitoring of the virtual terminal. The
icon is not displayed in the window and no monitor process is created.
(This option is supported on the RT only.)
-n name
Provides a window name. If no name is provided,
the command name is the window name.
2.12.1 .Xdefaults Keywords
The following default keywords are used with the xopen
command. (An example default file is in /usr/lpp/X11/defaults.)
geometry
Specifies the placement of the icon window.
iconBitmap
Specifies the icon bitmap file to use instead of the default
icon bitmap file.
monitor
If false, turns off the monitoring of the virtual terminal.
For more information about these keywords, see "Changing
X-Windows Defaults" in topic 3.3.
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